Isquemia arterial aguda trombótica de los miembros inferiores / Acute thrombotic arterial ischemia of the lower limbs

Introducción: La enfermedad arterial periférica es una de las afecciones más prevalentes. Resulta habitual su coexistencia con la enfermedad vascular en otras localizaciones. El diagnóstico precoz tiene importancia para mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente y reducir el riesgo de eventos secundarios mayores, como el infarto agudo de miocardio o el ictus. Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento de la isquemia arterial aguda trombótica en miembros inferiores en pacientes que ingresaron en el Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, con el fin de determinar factores pronósticos en la evolución final del tratamiento quirúrgico de la isquemia arterial aguda trombótica en miembros inferiores, en pacientes que ingresaron en los servicios de Arteriología y Angiopatía Diabética del Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular durante un período de cuatro años. Resultados: El grupo de edades más afectado estuvo entre 40 y 59 años, con un predomino del sexo masculino. El hábito de fumar fue el factor de riesgo vascular más frecuente; y la amputación mayor, el procedimiento quirúrgico más empleado, por lo que el patrón oclusivo femoropoplíteo resultó el más prevalente. Conclusiones: Predominaron el sexo masculino, el hábito de fumar, la amputación mayor y el patrón oclusivo femoropoplíteo(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease is one of the most prevalent conditions. Its coexistence with vascular disease in other locations is common. Early diagnosis is important to improve the patient's quality of life and reduce the risk of major secondary events, such as acute myocardial infarction or stroke. Objective: To characterize the behavior of acute thrombotic arterial ischemia in lower limbs in patients admitted to the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in order to determine prognostic factors in the final evolution of surgical treatment of acute thrombotic arterial ischemia in the lower limbs in patients admitted to the Arteriology and Diabetic Angiopathy services of the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery for a period of four years. Results: The most affected age group was the one of 40 to 59 years, with a predominance of males. Smoking was the most frequent vascular risk factor; and major amputation, the most used surgical procedure, so the femoropopliteal occlusive pattern was the most prevalent. Conclusions: Male sex, smoking habit, major amputation and femoropopliteal occlusive pattern predominated(AU)

Diagnostic thresholds for absolute systolic toe pressure and toe-brachial index in diabetic foot screening

INTRODUCTION@#Identifying peripheral arterial disease (PAD) during diabetic foot screening (DFS) is crucial in reducing the risk of diabetic foot ulcerations and lower limb amputations. Screening assessments commonly used include absolute systolic toe pressure (ASTP) and toe-brachial index (TBI). There is a lack of research defining the threshold values of both assessment methods. We aimed to compare the accuracy of ASTP and TBI and establish optimal threshold values of ASTP and TBI with reference to the internationally accepted ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) screening test, for a multiethnic diabetic population in Singapore.@*METHODS@#A retrospective, observational study of DFS results from January 2017 to December 2017 was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted for ASTP and TBI using the internationally accepted ABPI cut-off value of ≤0.9 to indicate PAD.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1,454 patients with mean (standard deviation) age of 63.1 (12.4) years old were included. There were 50.8% men and 49.2% women, comprising 69.7% Chinese, 13.5% Indian, 10.1% Malay and 6.7% other ethnicities. Areas under the curve for ASTP and TBI were 0.89 (95% confidence interval [Cl] 0.85-0.94) and 0.94 (95% Cl 0.90-0.98), respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Derived optimal threshold values to indicate ABPI≤0.9 for ASTP and TBI were <95.5mmHg (specificity 0.86, sensitivity 0.84) and <0.7 (specificity 0.89, sensitivity 0.95), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#ASTP or TBI may be used to detect ABPI-determined PAD in DFS. The optimal threshold values derived from a multiethnic Asian diabetic population were <95.5mmHg for ASTP and <0.7 for TBI.

Contribuição do índice tornozelo-braquial na estratificação do risco cardiovascular / Contribution of the ankle-brachial index to cardiovascular risk stratification

doença arterial periférica (DAP) desponta atualmente como a terceira maior causa de morbidade cardiovascular por doença aterosclerótica no mundo, havendo nítida associação com a doença arterial coronária (DAC) e o acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). Sendo muitas vezes a primeira manifestação da aterosclerose sistêmica, seu correto diagnóstico pode levar à reestratificação de risco cardiovascular (RCV), principalmente em pacientes assintomáticos do ponto de vista cardiológico. Surge assim o índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB), padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico não-invasivo de DAP, como exame complementar de fácil acesso, baixo custo, passível de ser realizado ambulatorialmente e com resultado objetivo e de fácil interpretação, tornando-se um método acessível para avaliação da aterosclerose sistêmica. Diversos estudos amparam seu uso como complementação ao Escore de Risco de Framingham, aumentando a acurácia do mesmo e permitindo a reestratificação de pacientes, auxiliando assim na decisão clínica do tratamento a ser instituído, ou mesmo como fator de RCV isolado.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is currently the third leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity from atherosclerotic disease in the world, with a clear association with coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. As it is often the first manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis, its correct diagnosis can lead to cardiovascular risk (CVR) restratification, especially in asymptomatic cardiac patients. Thus, the ankle-brachial index (ABI), the gold standard for the non-invasive diagnosis of PAD, appears as a complementary exam that is easily accessible, low cost, capable of being performed in an outpatient clinic and with an objective and easy-to-interpret result, being an accessible method for assessing systemic atherosclerosis. Several studies support its use as a complement to the Framingham Risk Score, increasing its accuracy and allowing the restratification of patients, thus assisting in the clinical decision of the treatment to be instituted, or even as an isolated CVR.

Prevalencia de enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores en pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular pertenecientes a un centro de atención primaria mediante el uso del índice tobillo-brazo / Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease of lower extremities in high cardiovascular risk patients from primary care using the ankle-brachial index

Resumen Objetivo: La enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores (EAOC EEII) ha sido subestimada y subdiagnosticada especialmente a nivel de atención primaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de EAOC EEII en pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular pertenecientes a un centro de salud familiar. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 246 pacientes, con una potencia estadística del 80% y un nivel de confianza del 95%, seleccionándolos aleatoriamente de 1.361 pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular alto del CESFAM Cordillera Andina, a quienes se les realizó la medición del índice tobillobrazo (ITB). Se estimaron IC 95% para cada media y porcentaje reportado, considerándose un valor de p significativo menor de 0,05 en las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas. Resultados: Se observó un ITB < 0,9 en el 43,2% (114), donde el 33,7% (89) refería síntomas de claudicación intermitente, mientras que un 9,5% (25) se encontraba asintomático. El mayor porcentaje de pacientes con EAOC EEII se observó en el grupo etario entre 60 y 80 años, que en conjunto alcanzaba el 85,1% de los pacientes con esta patología, siendo significativamente menor en pacientes menores de 60 y mayores de 80 años (p < 0,001). Conclusión: Encontramos una prevalencia de enfermedad arterial oclusiva crónica de extremidades inferiores de un 43,2% en pacientes de riesgo cardiovascular alto, quienes no presentaban este diagnóstico previamente. El índice tobillobrazo corresponde a un examen simple, rápido y con una gran utilidad diagnóstica por lo que debería considerarse su incorporación en las guías ministeriales para la evaluación de pacientes cardiovasculares en atención primaria.

Aim: The peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has been underestimated and underdiagnosed particularly at primary care setting. Our aim was to calculate the prevalence of PAD in high cardiovascular risk patients from a primary care center. Materials and Method: Is an observational, cross section study. We calculated a sample size of 246 patients, with a power of 80% and a significance level of 95%, who were selected randomly from 1.361 high cardiovascular risk patients according to the Framingham score, who attended at Cordillera Andina primary care center, measuring the anklebrachial index (ABI) in this group of patients. A 95% confidence interval was calculated for each mean and proportion and a p value less than 0.05 were considered as significant for all statistic tests. Results: We found an ABI < 0.9 in the 43.2% (114) of the sample, where 33.7% (89) presented symptoms of intermittent claudication, while 9.5% (25) did not have symptoms. The highest proportion of PAD was detected in patients between 60 and 80 years, who represented 85.1% of the patients with PAD, being significantly less its prevalence in people under 60 and over 80 years (p < 0.001). Conclusion: A prevalence of PAD of 43.2% in high cardiovascular risk patients who did not have this diagnosis before was found. The anklebrachial index is an easy, fast and very useful test to diagnose PAD in the majority of patients at primary care level, as consequent, its incorporation to clinical guidelines should be evaluated.

Factores de riesgo cardiovasculares asociados a enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores en sus estadios iniciales / Cardiovascular risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease of lower limbs in their initial stages

Introducción: La enfermedad arterial periférica en la actualidad se considera una verdadera epidemia. Se estima que puede afectar al 10 por ciento de los individuos mayores de 55 años. El principal problema de la enfermedad radica en su infravaloración diagnóstica y terapéutica, debido a la modificación de los factores de riesgo, el uso de fármacos antiplaquetarios y el tratamiento de los síntomas. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en pacientes ambulatorios con enfermedad arterial periférica de los miembros inferiores en sus estadios iniciales. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo de corte transversal en una muestra de 57 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores en sus estadios iniciales, atendidos en consulta externa de Arteriología durante dos años. Las variables estudiadas fueron: clínicas y de laboratorio, y algunos de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares como: edad, sexo, diabetes mellitus, hábito de fumar, hiperlipemia y micro albuminuria. Resultados: Se encontró un predominio del sexo masculino (57,8 por ciento). El 100 por ciento de los pacientes fumaban. Se evidenció la presencia de variables de laboratorio elevadas, lo que justificó la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares desde etapas tempranas de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Se logró identificar a los pacientes ambulatorios en sus estadios iniciales y la presencia de algunos factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease is currently considered a true epidemic. Estimates indicate that it can affect 10 percent of individuals over 55 years of age. The main problem of the disease is its diagnostic and therapeutic underestimation, due to the modification of risk factors, the use of antiplatelet drugs, and the treatment of symptoms. Objective: To identify the cardiovascular risk factors in ambulatory patients with peripheral arterial disease of lower limbs in its initial stages. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-retrospective study was carried out in a sample of 57 patients with diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease of lower limbs in its initial stages and who attended an outpatient department of arteriology for two years. The variables studied included clinical ones and of laboratory, as well as some cardiovascular risk factors, such as age, sex, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and microalbuminuria. Results: A predominance of the male sex was found (57.8 percent). 100 percent of the patients smoked. The presence of elevated laboratory variables was evidenced, a fact consistent with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors from the early stages of the disease. Conclusions: In the initial stages of the disease, ambulatory patients were identified, as well as some cardiovascular risk factors in early stages of the disease(AU)

Enfoque actual de la enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática en personas con diabetes melllitus / Current Approach to Asymptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease in People with Diabetes Mellitus

La creciente epidemia de diabetes impone la necesidad de implementar estrategias para la detección de complicaciones diabéticas en etapas tempranas cuando aún están en estadio preclínico. La enfermedad arterial periférica es una de ellas, con consecuencias devastadoras para el paciente, la familia y la sociedad. Su frecuencia aumenta con la edad y el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes. La mayoría de los pacientes son asintomáticos lo que dificulta el diagnóstico, además, las limitaciones del examen físico exigen complementarlo con estudios no invasivos. El índice de presiones tobillo-brazo es el principal método para su detección pero es necesario conocer sus limitaciones en las personas con diabetes para interpretar correctamente los resultados. Los pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática tienen más rápida declinación funcional con probabilidad de progresar a formas mas graves de la enfermedad como la isquemia crítica y la amputación, así como, mayor riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares isquémicos en otros territorios arteriales y de mortalidad. La detección sistemática de enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática en las personas con diabetes identificaría los pacientes que se beneficiarían con intervenciones más intensivas por lo que constituye una fuerte recomendación en la actualidad. Con este trabajo nos proponemos debatir sobre la importancia de la búsqueda de esta complicación en las personas con diabetes, así como, los retos actuales para su detección y diagnóstico(AU)

The growing diabetes epidemic demands the need to implement strategies for the identification of diabetic complications in early stages, when they are still in the preclinical stage. Peripheral arterial disease is one of them, with devastating consequences for the patient, the family, and society. Its frequency of occurrence increases with age and with the time of evolution of diabetes. Most of the patients are asymptomatic, which makes diagnosis difficult. In addition, due to the limitations of physical examination, complementary tests are required, always with noninvasive studies. The ankle-brachial pressure index is the main method for detecting it, but it is necessary to know its limitations in people with diabetes, in order to interpret the results correctly. Patients with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease have a faster functional decline with the probability of progressing to more serious forms of the disease, such as critical ischemia and amputation, as well as a higher risk of ischemic cardiovascular events in other arterial territories and of mortality. Screening for asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes would permit identifying patients who would benefit from more intensive interventions; therefore, it is strongly recommended nowadays. With this work, we intend to discuss the importance of screening for this complication in people with diabetes, as well as the current challenges for its detection and diagnosis(AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados a la enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes diagnosticados mediante índice tobillo brazo / Risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease in patients diagnosed using the ankle-brachial index

Introducción: La enfermedad arterial periférica es bien conocida como predictor de morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular y cerebrovascular, de ahí la importancia de reconocer sus factores de riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes diagnosticados por el índice tobillo brazo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico transversal, entre el 1ro de septiembre y 30 de noviembre de 2019. El universo fue de 290 pacientes, se trabajó con una muestra de 120, determinada por un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se emplearon estadígrafos descriptivos e inferenciales: prueba t de Student, el odds ratio de prevalencia y la regresión logística binomial. Resultados: Fueron categorizados con índice tobillo brazo < 0,9 un total de 43 pacientes (35,8 por ciento). La media de edad de la población fue de 58,43 ± 16,69. El sexo femenino predominó con 61 pacientes (50,8 por ciento). El índice de masa corporal promedio fue de 24,29 ± 3,29 kg/m2. La hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo más frecuente presentándose en 67,5 por ciento de los pacientes. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo de índice tobillo brazo < 0,9 a la edad ≥ 60 años (OR: 6,41; IC 95 por ciento: 2,04-20,1; p=0,001); la hipertensión arterial (OR: 2,99; IC 95 por ciento: 1,02-8,73; p=0,045); la diabetes mellitus (OR: 3,89; IC 95 por ciento: 1,34-11,3; p=0,012) y la dislipidemia (OR: 4,35; IC 95 por ciento: 1,27-14,8; p=0,019). Conclusiones: La edad avanzada, la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la dislipidemia constituyeron factores de riesgo asociados a la enfermedad arterial periférica(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease is well known as a predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, hence the importance of recognizing its risk factors. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease in patients diagnosed by the ankle brachial index. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical observational study was carried out from September 1 to November 30, 2019. The universe consisted of 290 patients, a sample of 120 was used, determined by simple random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used: Student's t test, prevalence odds ratio, and binomial logistic regression. Results: A total of 43 patients (35.8%) were categorized with ankle brachial index <0.9. The mean age of the population was 58.43 ± 16.69. The female sex predominated with 61 patients (50.8 percent). The average body mass index was 24.29 ± 3.29 kg / m2. Hypertension was the most frequent risk factor in 67.5 percent of the patients. Risk factors were identified in ankle brachial index <0.9 at age ≥60 years (OR: 6.41; 95 percent CI: 2.04-20.1; p = 0.001); arterial hypertension (OR: 2.99; 95 percent CI: 1.02-8.73; p = 0.045); diabetes mellitus (OR: 3.89; 95 percent CI: 1.34-11.3; p = 0.012) and dyslipidemia (OR: 4.35; 95 percent CI: 1.27-14.8; p = 0.019). Conclusions: Advanced age, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia were risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease(AU)

Enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática en personas con diabetes de tipo 2 / Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in people with type 2 diabetes

Introducción: La enfermedad arterial periférica es una complicación frecuente y devastadora en personas con diabetes. Esta puede evidenciarse desde los estadios de prediabetes; sin embargo, no está establecido cuándo realizar la pesquisa de los pacientes adultos jóvenes asintomáticos y con poco tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2 con menos de 10 años de evolución. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico-transversal en 190 pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2 entre 40 y 60 años y menos de 10 años de evolución de la diabetes. La selección tuvo en cuenta, a partir de septiembre de 2017, a los pacientes ingresados en el Centro de Atención al Diabético del Instituto de Endocrinología sin diagnóstico previo de enfermedad arterial periférica; y este se realizó a partir del índice de presiones tobillo-brazo. Resultados: El 6,3 por ciento (n = 12) presentaba una enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática. No hubo diferencias significativas entre las variables estudiadas (edad, sexo, color de la piel y tiempo de evolución de la diabetes; también aquellas a partir de los resultados del ITB) y la presencia de la enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática, que se relacionó de forma significativa con la presencia de cardiopatía isquémica. La afectación arterial fue ligera en todos los pacientes identificados y se asoció con la cardiopatía isquémica; no sucedió así con otras variables clínicas en estudio. Tampoco la combinación de estas últimas aumentó el riesgo de aparición de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: La enfermedad arterial periférica asintomática constituye una complicación poco frecuente en las personas menores de 60 años y con menos de 10 años de evolución de la diabetes(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease is a frequent and devastating complication in people with diabetes. This condition can appear from prediabetes stages; however, it is not established when to carry out the screening of asymptomatic young adult patients with short time of evolution of the disease. Objective: To characterize asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out with 190 diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes aged 40-60 years and with less than ten years of evolution of the disease. The selection included, as of September 2017, the patients admitted to the Diabetic Care Center of the Institute of Endocrinology without prior diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease. The diagnosis was done based on the ankle/arm pressure index. Results: 6.3 percent (n=12) had asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. There were no significant differences between the variables studied and the occurrence of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease, which was significantly related to the presence of ischemic heart disease. Arterial involvement was slight in all the patients identified and was associated with ischemic heart disease; this was not the case with other clinical variables under study. Neither did the combination of these variables increase the risk for the onset of the disease. Conclusions: Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is a rare complication in diabetic people under 60 years of age and with less than ten years of evolution of the disease(AU)

Angioplastia transluminal percutánea de femoral superficial en paciente con oclusión de sectores fémoro-poplíteo e infra-poplíteo / Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty of the Superficial Femoral Artery in a Patient with Occlusion in the femoro-popliteal and infra-popliteal Sector

Introducción: La indicación más clara de revascularización en las extremidades inferiores lo constituye la presencia de lesiones isquémicas y el tratamiento de elección, siempre que sea posible, es el endovascular debido a su buena permeabilidad, baja morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Presentar un caso en el que se utilizó la angioplastia transluminal percutánea del sector fémoro-poplíteo. Presentación del caso: Se presenta un caso con diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial periférica en la extremidad inferior derecha. La angioplastia transluminal percutánea se utilizó para cicatrizar lesiones isquémicas aún en presencia de oclusiones no revascularizables de las arterias infra-poplíteas. El paciente presentaba al examen físico lesión isquémica en el primer dedo y patrón esteno-oclusivo fémoro-poplíteo. Se detectó disminución de los índices de presiones en poplítea y distales. En la arteriografía se apreciaron lesiones esteno-oclusivas en la femoral superficial y oclusión de las arterias infra-poplíteas. Se realizó angioplastia transluminal percutánea de la femoral superficial y el paciente recuperó pulso poplíteo con mejoría hemodinámica. Evolucionó satisfactoriamente y egresó con tratamiento médico. A los cinco meses de operado mantiene su pulso poplíteo presente y la lesión cicatrizada. Conclusión: La angioplastia del sector fémoro-poplíteo es beneficiosa para la cicatrización de la lesión isquémica aún en presencia de oclusiones infra-poplíteas no revascularizables(AU)

Introduction: The clearest indication for revascularization in lower limbs is the presence of ischemic lesions. The treatment of choice, whenever possible, is the endovascular one, due to its good permeability, as well as low morbidity and mortality. Objective: To present a case in which percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the femoro-popliteal sector. Case presentation: A case is presented with a diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in the right lower limb. The percutaneous transluminal angioplastywas used to heal ischemic lesions even in the presence of nonrevascularizable occlusions of the infra-popliteal arteries. On physical examination, the patient presented an ischemic lesion on the first finger and a femoro-popliteal steno-occlusive pattern. Decrease in pressure indices was detected in the popliteal and the distal ones. Arteriography showed steno-occlusive lesions in the superficial femoral and occlusion of the infra-popliteal arteries. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the superficial femoral artery was performed and the patient recovered the popliteal pulse with hemodynamic improvement. The patient evolved satisfactorily and was discharged with medical treatment. Five months after surgery, the patient maintains popliteal pulse and the lesion has cicatrized. Conclusion: Angioplasty of the femoro-popliteal sector prove beneficial for the healing of the ischemic lesion even in the presence of nonrevascularizable infra-popliteal occlusions(AU)

Livedoid Vasculopathy: diagnosis and treatment in pregnant women / Vasculopatia livedoide: diagnóstico e tratamento em mulher grávida

Abstract Livedoid Vasculopathy is a disease characterized by occlusion of the capillaries of the dermis, without inflammatory signs. It begins with purpuric papules or macules that develop into painful ulcers, mainly involving the ankles and feet. In this case report, we describe diagnosis and treatment in a young pregnant patient, with excellent clinical response.

Resumo A vasculopatia livedoide é uma doença caracterizada pela oclusão dos capilares da derme, sem sinais inflamatórios. Tem início com pápulas ou máculas purpúricas que evoluem para úlceras dolorosas, com predominância na topografia de tornozelos e pés. Neste relato de caso, descrevemos o diagnóstico e a terapêutica em uma paciente jovem gestante, com excelente evolução clínica.

Cuestionario de Edimburgo modificado para diagnosticar la claudicación arterial en atención primaria de salud / Modified Edinburgh Questionnaire to diagnose arterial claudication in primary health care

Introducción: La coordinación entre niveles asistenciales centrada en las enfermedades frecuentes, graves y vulnerables, constituye un elemento esencial para incrementar la eficiencia del sistema sanitario con la ayuda del uso de instrumentos diagnósticos. Objetivo: Validar el Cuestionario de Edimburgo modificado para el diagnóstico de la claudicación arterial periférica en la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: Estudio de evaluación de instrumentos diagnósticos a través de un estudio explicativo observacional de corte transversal, en una muestra de 100 pacientes provenientes de la atención primaria de salud. El período de estudio fue el segundo semestre (julio-diciembre) de 2016. A todos los participantes se les realizó un examen físico vascular, se midieron los índices de presiones tobillo-brazo, se identificó la topografía de las lesiones arteriales de los miembros inferiores, se les aplicó el Cuestionario de Edimburgo modificado y se calculó su sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos y negativos y exactitud diagnóstica. Resultados: El examen físico vascular constató un predominio de la afección fémoro-poplítea (54,8 por ciento) seguido de la aorta-ilíaco (29,9 por ciento). Se obtuvo en la validación del Cuestionario una sensibilidad de 98 por ciento, una especificidad de 31,5 por ciento con alta probabilidad de tener falsos negativos. El valor predictivo positivo fue de 70 por ciento y el negativo de 92 por ciento. La exactitud de las pruebas diagnósticas fue de 73 por ciento, para cada prueba. Conclusiones: El uso del Cuestionario de Edimburgo modificado en la atención primaria de salud es de gran utilidad para establecer el diagnóstico clínico positivo de una claudicación intermitente por enfermedad arterial periférica(AU)

Introduction: Coordination between care levels centered in the severe, frequently and vulnerable diseases constitutes an essential element to increase the efficiency of the health system with the help of diagnostic means. Objective: To validate the modified Edinburgh Questionnaire for the diagnostic of arterial claudication in the primary health care. Methods: An assessment study of diagnostic instruments was done through of a cross-sectional, observational explicative study in a sample of 100 patients from primary health care. The study was conducted in the second semester (July-December) of 2016. A vascular physical exam was performed to all the participants where ankle- brachial pressure index was measured, the topography of the arterial occlusions of the lower limbs was identified, the modified Edinburgh Questionnaire was carried out; and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and the diagnostic exactitude were calculated. Results: The vascular physical exam exhibited a predominant femoro-popliteal affectation (54,8 percent) followed of the aorta-iliac (29,9 percent). In the validation of the modified Edinburgh Questionnaire it was obtained a sensitivity of 98 percent and an specificity of 31,5 percent with high probabilities of false negative. The positive predictive value was 70 percent and the negative 92 percent. The exactitude of the diagnostic test was 73 percent for each test. Conclusions: The use of the modified Edinburgh Questionnaire in the primary health care is useful to establish the positive clinical diagnostic of an intermittent arterial claudication by Peripheral Arterial Disease(AU)

Enfermedad arterial periférica en miembros inferiores / Peripheral arterial disease in lower extremities

Resumen La Enfermedad arterial periférica se desarrolla por la obstrucción a nivel arterial. La resultante reducción en el flujo sanguíneo puede ser asintomática o producir síntomas de insuficiencia arterial como claudicación intermitente, dolor en reposo en el grupo muscular afectado, así como la presencia de diversos grados de pérdida tisular, como úlceras, siendo éste uno de los signos más evidentes de isquemia de la extremidad. Debido a que la mayoría de los casos de Enfermedad arterial periférica tiene como etiología la ateroesclerosis resultante de la acumulación de lípidos y material fibroso entre las capas de la pared arterial en miembros inferiores, el presente artículo se centra en esta etiología como causa de la Enfermedad arterial periférica en miembros inferiores.

Abstract Peripheral artery disease is developed for an arterial obstruction. The reduction in blood flow can be asymptomatic or produce symptoms of arterial insufficiency such as intermittent claudication or rest pain in the affected muscle group, as well as the presence of different degrees of tissue loss, such as ulcers, being one of the most obvious signs of ischemia in the limb. Because the majority of cases of peripheral artery disease are caused for the atherosclerosis resulted for the accumulation of lipids and fibrous material between the layers of the artery in the lower limbs, the present article is focus on this etiology as the cause of peripheral artery disease in lower extremity.

Comparação do índice tornozelo-braquial com parâmetros de rigidez e resistência arterial periférica avaliados por fotopletismografia em idosos / Comparison of the ankle-brachial index with parameters of stiffness and peripheral arterial resistance assessed by photoplethysmography in elderly patients

O índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) utiliza a razão entre a pressão arterial sistólica do tornozelo e do braço para diagnosticar de forma não invasiva a doença arterial periférica (DAP). A fotopletismografia (photoplethysmography, PPG) faz a medição e o registro das modificações de volume sanguíneo do corpo humano por meio de técnicas ópticas. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o ITB com parâmetros de rigidez arterial e resistência periférica avaliados pela PPG em idosos e propor um modelo de predição para o ITB. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo transversal quantitativo. A amostra foi composta por idosos atendidos no ambulatório médico de especialidades da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL). Foram verificados: idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal (IMC), presença de comorbidades, tabagismo e atividade física. Para comparação das variáveis obtidas com a PPG com o ITB, foi realizada regressão linear bivariada e multivariada, considerando erro α = 0,05. Resultados Foram avaliados 93 idosos, sendo 63,4% mulheres. Em 98,9% dos casos, o ITB apresentou-se dentro da normalidade. Na comparação do ITB e variáveis derivadas da PPG em relação à idade, foram demonstradas associações significativas. Contudo, não foram observadas associações significativas entre ITB e PPG. O modelo multivariado indicou que apenas idade, sexo e tabagismo foram associados ao ITB. Conclusões Como conclusão, o ITB e a PPG demonstraram associação com o envelhecimento arterial, tendo em vista sua correlação com a idade; contudo, o ITB foi relacionado apenas com idade, sexo e tabagismo. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar o potencial uso da PPG como rastreio de doenças vasculares em rotinas ambulatórias

The ankle-brachial index (ABI) uses the ratio between systolic blood pressures at the ankle and the arm to diagnose peripheral arterial disease (PAD) noninvasively. Photoplethysmography (PPG) measures and records changes to the blood volume in the human body using optical techniques. Objectives The objective of this study was to compare ABI with arterial stiffness and peripheral resistance parameters assessed using PPG in elderly patients and to propose a model for prediction of ABI. Methods A cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted. The sample comprised elderly patients seen at a medical specialties clinic at the Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Brazil. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, smoking, and physical activity were recorded. The variables obtained using PPG and ABI were compared using bivariate and multivariate linear regression, with an α error of 0.05. Results A total of 93 elderly patients were assessed, 63.4% of whom were women. In 98.9% of cases, ABI was within normal limits. Comparison of ABI with variables acquired by PPG revealed significant associations with age. However, no significant associations were observed between ABI and PPG. The multivariate model indicated that only age, sex, and smoking were associated with ABI. Conclusions In conclusion, ABI and PPG exhibited associations with arterial aging, considering its correlation with age. However, ABI was only related to age, sex, and smoking. More studies are needed to evaluate the potential uses of PPG for screening for vascular diseases in ambulatory settings

Correlación entre el índice tobillo brazo y la circunferencia abdominal en pacientes de la consulta de medicina interna / Correlation of ankle-brachial-index and waist circumference in ambulatory patients of internal medicine

La enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) es usualmente subdiagnosticada. El índice tobillobrazo (ITB) es un método diagnostico sencillo y no invasivo que permite hacer detección temprana de EAP y de aquellos pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar ECV. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre ITB y obesidad visceral mediante la medición de la circunferencia abdominal (CA) en pacientes que acudieron a la consulta externa de Medicina Interna. Otras mediciones: índice de masa corporal (IMC), relación cintura cadera (RCC). Se registró la presencia de hipertensión arterial (HTA), dislipidemia, sedentarismo y tabaquismo. Métodos: Investigación de carácter exploratorio. Muestra no probabilística, intencional de 34 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de Medicina Interna en tres meses. Se aplicó una encuesta y se realizaron mediciones de los índices antropométricos: CA, RCC, IMC, se calculó el ITB y se determinaron glicemia, colesterol total, HDL, LDL y triglicéridos (TGC). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 56,14 años ± 11.46. 52,9% mujeres y 47,1% hombres. El 70% tenían IMC elevado, 64,7% dislipidemia, 52,9% HTA, 38.23% sedentarismo y 17,6% fumaban. 5 pacientes masculinos tuvieron un ITB alterado: ITB bajo: 2; ITB elevado: 3. La correlación entre ITB y CA; ITB y RCC e ITB y glicemia, TGC y el LDL fue negativa débil. La correlación entre ITB e IMC, colesterol total y HDL fue positiva. Conclusiones: Una CA y RCC alteradas como marcadores de obesidad visceral se asocian con un ITB bajo(AU)

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated to high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Risk factors related to this pathology do not differ from other cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This disease manifests clinically in advanced stages of the atherothrombotic process, therefore, it is usually underdiagnosed. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive diagnostic method that allows an early detection of PAD, and, because it is considered atherosclerotic predictor, it helps us detect those patients who have a high risk of developing CVD. Hence, it should be a routine method in clinical practices. Objectives: This study was performed in order to determine the relationship between ABI and visceral obesity by means of waist circumference (WC) measurement and hip to waist ratio (HWR) in patients who attended the internal medicine outpatient clinic. Methods: Exploratory research. Non-probabilistic, intentional sample of 34 patients who attended the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic in three months. A survey was applied and measurements were made of the anthropometric indexes: CA, RCC, BMI, ITB was calculated and glycemia, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides were determined. Results: The average age was 56.14 years ± 11.46. 52.9% women and 47.1% men. 70% had high BMI, 64.7% dyslipidemia, 52.9% HBP, 38.23% sedentary lifestyle and 17.6% smoked. 5 male patients had an altered ABI: low ABI: 2; High ITB: 3. The correlation between ITB and CA; ITB and RCC and ITB and glycemia, TGC and LDL were weak negative. The correlation between ITB and BMI, total cholesterol and HDL was positive. Conclusions: A CA and RCC altered as markers of visceral obesity are associated with a low ABI(AU)

Mobile educational follow-up application for patients with peripheral arterial disease / Aplicativo móvel educativo e de follow up para pacientes com doença arterial periférica* / Aplicativo móvil educativo y de follow up para pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica*

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the development of a prototype mobile educational application for nursing follow-up aimed at patients diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease. Method: a prototype-based technological production study. The construction followed the contextualized instructional design model using two steps: analysis and design and development. Results: the pedagogical content of the application was based on a survey of needs of patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease and treatments recommended in the literature. The prototype developed contained concepts, risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatment, importance of medications and their side effects, frequent doubts, necessary health care, and follow-up of patients by monitoring the evolution of the cicatricial process of lesions and possible complications, clarification of doubts and stimulus for continuation of treatment. Conclusion: the use of health applications is a technological tool with the potential to improve the follow-up of patients regarding the progress of the disease and self-care, monitoring of risk factors, co-participation of the patient in the treatment, family participation, as well as planning of individualized care, and cost reduction for the health system.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o desenvolvimento de um protótipo de aplicativo móvel educativo e de follow up de enfermagem para pacientes com diagnóstico de doença arterial periférica. Método: estudo de produção tecnológica do tipo prototipagem, a construção seguiu o modelo do design instrucional contextualizado, utilizando duas etapas: análise e design e desenvolvimento. Resultados: o conteúdo pedagógico do aplicativo baseou-se no levantamento das necessidades dos pacientes com Doença Arterial Periférica e nos tratamentos recomendados pela literatura. O protótipo desenvolvido foi composto por conceitos, fatores de risco, sinais e sintomas, tratamento, importância dos medicamentos e seus efeitos colaterais, dúvidas frequentes, cuidados necessários com a saúde e o follow up dos pacientes por meio da monitorização da evolução do processo cicatricial das lesões e possíveis complicações, esclarecer dúvidas e estimular a continuidade do tratamento. Conclusão: o uso do aplicativos em saúde é uma ferramenta tecnológica com potencial para melhorar o acompanhamento de pacientes quanto à evolução da doença e autocuidado, no acompanhamento dos fatores de risco, coparticipação no seu tratamento, a participação familiar, bem como planejar um cuidado individualizado e redução de custos para o sistema de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el desarrollo de un prototipo de aplicativo móvil educativo y de follow up de enfermería para pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial periférica. Método: estudio de producción tecnológica del tipo prototipación, la construcción siguió el modelo del design instruccional contextualizado, utilizando dos etapas: análisis y design y desarrollo. Resultados: el contenido pedagógico del aplicativo se basó en el levantamiento de las necesidades de los pacientes con Enfermedad Arterial Periférica y en los tratamientos recomendados por la literatura. El prototipo desarrollado fue compuesto por conceptos, factores de riesgo, señales y síntomas, tratamiento, importancia de los medicamentos y sus efectos colaterales, dudas frecuentes, cuidados necesarios con la salud y el follow up de los pacientes por medio del monitoreo de la evolución del proceso cicatricial de las lesiones y posibles complicaciones, aclarar dudas y estimular la continuidad del tratamiento. Conclusión: el uso de aplicativos en salud es una herramienta tecnológica con potencial para mejorar el acompañamiento de pacientes como a la evolución de la enfermedad y autocuidado, en el acompañamiento de los factores de riesgo, coparticipación en su tratamiento, la participación familiar, así como planificar un cuidado individualizado y reducción de costos para el sistema de salud.

Prevalência de doença arterial periférica e fatores de risco associado em uma população rural brasileira: estudo Corações de Baependi / Prevalence of peripheral artery disease and associated risk factors in a brazilian rural population: the Baependi heart study

A identificação da doença arterial periférica (DAP) pode atenuar a progressão e suas complicações adicionais, uma vez que a DAP é um fator de risco para mortalidade geral e cardiovascular. Avaliar a prevalência de DAP na população do Estudo Corações de Baependi e investigar fatores de risco associados em diferentes grupos etários. Foram selecionados 1.627 indivíduos (ambos os sexos e idade entre 18 e 102 anos) residentes no município de Baependi (Minas Gerais, Brasil). Os parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos foram avaliados por meio de protocolos padrões. O nível de atividade física foi determinado pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física - Versão Curta (IPAQ-SF). A triagem da DAP foi realizada pelo índice tornozelo-braço (ITB). O nível de significância estatística adotado nas análises foi de 5%. Na população total, a prevalência de DAP foi de 1,05% e atingiu 5,2% após os 70 anos de idade. A frequência e intensidade do tabagismo foram maiores nos indivíduos com DAP. Uma história prévia de infarto do miocárdio e maior prevalência de hipertensão, diabetes, obesidade e sedentarismo também estiveram associados à DAP. Além disso, a DAP foi mais frequente em negros que em brancos. Após análise multivariada, a idade, diabetes, tabagismo e inatividade física permaneceram independentemente associados à DAP. A prevalência de DAP foi baixa e claramente aumentou com a idade em nossa amostra de uma população rural brasileira. Além disso, os principais fatores de risco para DAP foram tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes e idade

The identification of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can help prevent further progression of the disease and additional complications, considering that this condition is a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. To assess the prevalence of PAD in the Baependi Heart Study and investigate associated risk factors in different age groups. A total of 1,627 individuals (of both genders and aged 18 - 102 years) residing in the municipality of Baependi (Minas Gerais, Brazil) were selected for this study. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated by standard techniques. Physical activity level was determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The screening of PAD was performed by determination of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. In the overall sample, the prevalence of PAD was 1.05%, and reached 5.2% after the age of 70 years. The frequency and intensity of smoking were higher in individuals with PAD. A prior history of myocardial infarction and a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle were also associated with PAD. In addition, PAD was more frequent in blacks than whites. In multivariable analysis, age, diabetes, smoking, and physical inactivity remained independently associated with PAD. The prevalence of PAD was low and increased clearly with age in our sample from a Brazilian rural population. Furthermore, the main risk factors for PAD in the investigated sample were smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and age

Calidad de vida en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores en estadios iniciales / Quality of life in patients with peripheral arterial disease of lower limbs in early stages

Introducción: La enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores representa un problema de salud por su repercusión sobre la calidad de vida de los individuos afectados y en el alto costo de su atención. Objetivo: Describir el estado de la calidad de vida de los pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica de miembros inferiores en los estadios iníciales.nMétodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo en 51 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial periférica de los miembros inferiores atendidos por consultas externas de arteriología entre enero y diciembre de 2012. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, tabaquismo, índices de presiones tobillo/ brazo, escalas de calidad de vida, salud mental y física. A todos los enfermos se les aplicó el cuestionario genérico de calidad de vida SF-36, que informa acerca de la salud física y mental del paciente.nResultados: La enfermedad arterial fue más frecuente en el sexo masculino (78,4 por ciento ), con predomino en el grupo de edad de 60 a 70 años (68,8 por ciento), donde el 100 por ciento fumaban y un 80,4 por ciento no trabajaba. El 50,9 por ciento tenía valores de índice tobillo/ brazo en el rango de moderado (0,4-0,6). El nivel de calidad de vida que predominó fue el moderado (72,5 por ciento). El 58,8 por ciento de los pacientes en estadio lla de la enfermedad mostraron alteración en la salud física y mental.nConclusiones: Se constató que los pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica de los miembros inferiores en estadios iníciales presentan un nivel de calidad de vida moderada con deterioro en la salud física y mental(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral arterial disease of lower limbs is a health problem because of its impact on the quality of life of individuals and the high cost of care. Objective: To describe the state of the quality of life of patients with peripheral arterial disease of limbs in stages starting them. Methods: A descriptive-retrospective study was conducted in 51 patients diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease of lower limbs and treated in the outpatient arteriology service of the Institute of Angiology during January to December 2012. The studied variables were: age, smoking, indexes of ankle / arm pressures, quality of life scales and physical and mental health. The SF-36 generic quality of life questionnaire was administered to all the patients, which provides information about the physical and mental health of the patient. Results: We found that arterial disease was more frequent in males (78.4 percent), mainly in the 60-70 y age group (68.8 percent) in which 100 percent smoked and 80.4 percent did not work. In the study group, 50.9 percent showed moderate range of ankle / arm index values (0.4- 0.6). The prevailing level of quality was moderate (72.5 percent). The staging of disease was present in 58.8 percent of patients, who also showed altered physical and mental health. Conclusions: It was found that patients with peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs at early stages have moderate level of quality of life with deterioration in their physical and mental health(AU)